科学家打开一条40年前的鲑鱼，发现了海洋恢复的惊人迹象

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“我们必须真正开阔思维，发挥创造力，思考什么可以作为生态数据源，”现任耶鲁大学皮博迪自然历史博物馆博士后研究员的娜塔莉·马斯蒂克说道。

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Scientists Turn to an Unusual Source: Decades-Old Salmon

` * Key terms: "Unusual Source" (不寻常的来源), "Decades-Old Salmon" (几十年前的鲑鱼/陈年鲑鱼). * Draft: `

科学家转向一种不寻常的来源：几十年前的鲑鱼

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While working on her doctorate at the University of Washington in Seattle, Mastick took an unconventional approach. Instead of relying on modern samples, she examined old cans of salmon.

` * Key terms: "doctorate" (博士学位), "University of Washington in Seattle" (西雅图华盛顿大学), "unconventional approach" (非传统方法), "modern samples" (现代样本), "old cans of salmon" (旧鲑鱼罐头). * Draft: `

在西雅图华盛顿大学攻读博士学位期间，马斯蒂克采用了一种非传统的方法。她没有依赖现代样本，而是检查了陈年的鲑鱼罐头。

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These cans contained fillets from four species collected over a 42-year span in the Gulf of Alaska and Bristol Bay. Mastick and her team opened 178 cans and carefully dissected the preserved fish, counting tiny parasitic worms known as anisakids embedded in the flesh.

` * Key terms: "fillets" (鱼片), "four species" (四个物种), "42-year span" (42年的时间跨度), "Gulf of Alaska" (阿拉斯加湾), "Bristol Bay" (布里斯托尔湾), "dissected" (解剖), "preserved fish" (保存的鱼), "parasitic worms" (寄生蠕虫), "anisakids" (异尖线虫/异尖科线虫), "embedded in the flesh" (嵌在肉里). * Draft: `

这些罐头装有在阿拉斯加湾和布里斯托尔湾历时42年收集的四个物种的鱼片。马斯蒂克和她的团队打开了178个罐头，仔细解剖这些保存下来的鱼，统计嵌在鱼肉中被称为异尖线虫的微小寄生蠕虫。

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Although these parasites had been killed during the canning process and would not harm consumers, they hold valuable scientific information.

` * Key terms: "canning process" (罐头加工过程), "harm consumers" (伤害消费者), "valuable scientific information" (有价值的科学信息). * Draft: `

虽然这些寄生虫在罐头加工过程中已被杀死，不会伤害消费者，但它们蕴含着有价值的科学信息。

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Why "Sushi Worms" Can Signal a Healthy Ecosystem

` * Key terms: "Sushi Worms" (寿司虫), "Signal" (标志/预示), "Healthy Ecosystem" (健康的生态系统). * Draft: `

为何“寿司虫”能预示健康的生态系统

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At first glance, finding worms in fish may seem alarming. But scientists say the opposite can be true.

` * Key terms: "At first glance" (乍一看), "alarming" (令人担忧/惊慌), "the opposite can be true" (情况可能恰恰相反). * Draft: `

乍一看，在鱼体内发现蠕虫可能令人担忧。但科学家表示，情况可能恰恰相反。

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"Everyone assumes that worms in your salmon is a sign that things have gone awry," said Chelsea Wood, a UW associate professor of aquatic and fishery sciences. "But the anisakid life cycle integrates many components of the food web. I see their presence as a signal that the fish on your plate came from a healthy ecosystem."

` * Key terms: "gone awry" (出了问题/不对劲), "Chelsea Wood" (切尔西·伍德), "UW associate professor of aquatic and fishery sciences" (华盛顿大学水产与渔业科学副教授), "life cycle" (生命周期), "integrates" (整合/涉及), "food web" (食物网). * Draft: `

“大家都认为鲑鱼里有虫子是情况不妙的迹象，”华盛顿大学水产与渔业科学副教授切尔西·伍德说。“但异尖线虫的生命周期涉及食物网的许多组成部分。我认为它们的存在是一个信号，表明你盘子里的鱼来自一个健康的生态系统。”

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Because these parasites depend on multiple species to survive, their presence can reflect the overall strength of the marine ecosystem.

` * Key terms: "multiple species" (多种物种), "overall strength" (整体实力/健康状况/活力 - "health" or "robustness" fits context better, "strength" usually translates to 强度 but here implies robustness. Let's use 健康状况 or 活力. Actually "strength" in ecology often refers to the robustness of interactions or the system. Let's stick to literal but meaningful: 整体强度 or 整体健康状况. "健康状况" is more natural for ecosystem). Let's check context. It reflects the food web complexity. "健康状况" (health status) is good. * Draft: `

由于这些寄生虫依赖多种物种生存，它们的存在可以反映海洋生态系统的整体健康状况。

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Rising Parasite Levels Reveal Long-Term Ocean Trends

` * Key terms: "Rising Parasite Levels" (寄生虫数量上升), "Reveal" (揭示), "Long-Term Ocean Trends" (长期海洋趋势). * Draft: `

寄生虫数量上升揭示长期海洋趋势

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The team's findings, published in Ecology & Evolution, showed that anisakid levels increased in chum and pink salmon between 1979 and 2021. In coho and sockeye salmon, parasite levels remained steady.

` * Key terms: "Ecology & Evolution" (期刊名：《生态与进化》), "chum" (狗鲑/大马哈鱼 - usually 狗鲑 in scientific context or just 大马哈鱼, but distinct from others. Chum salmon = 狗鲑), "pink salmon" (细鳞大马哈鱼/粉红鲑), "coho" (银大马哈鱼/银鲑), "sockeye salmon" (红大马哈鱼/红鲑). 注明: In Chinese, specific salmon names are often translated as "XX大马哈鱼" or "XX鲑". I will use the standard scientific names: 狗鲑, 细鳞大马哈鱼, 银大马哈鱼, 红大马哈鱼. Or more commonly in news: 狗鲑, 粉红鲑, 银鲑, 红鲑. Let's use the slightly more formal but common names: 狗鲑, 粉红鲑, 银鲑, 红鲑. * Draft: `

该团队发表在《生态与进化》上的研究结果显示，在1979年至2021年间，狗鲑和粉红鲑体内的异尖线虫数量有所增加。而在银鲑和红鲑中，寄生虫数量保持稳定。

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"Anisakids have a complex life cycle that requires many types of hosts," said Mastick, who is lead author on the paper. "Seeing their numbers rise over time, as we did with pink and chum salmon, indicates that these parasites were able to find all the right hosts and reproduce. That could indicate a stable or recovering ecosystem, with enough of the right hosts for anisakids."

` * Key terms: "lead author" (第一作者), "hosts" (宿主), "stable or recovering ecosystem" (稳定或正在恢复的生态系统). * Draft: `

“异尖线虫的生命周期很复杂，需要许多类型的宿主，”该论文的第一作者马斯蒂克说。“正如我们在粉红鲑和狗鲑中观察到的那样，看到它们的数量随时间推移而增加，表明这些寄生虫能够找到所有合适的宿主并进行繁殖。这可能表明生态系统处于稳定或正在恢复的状态，拥有足够适合异尖线虫的宿主。”

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How Parasites Track the Entire Marine Food Web

` * Key terms: "Track" (追踪/反映), "Marine Food Web" (海洋食物网). * Draft: `

寄生虫如何追踪整个海洋食物网

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Anisakids begin life as free-floating organisms in the ocean. They enter the food chain when small creatures like krill consume them. As predators eat those infected animals, the parasites move up the food web.

` * Key terms: "free-floating organisms" (自由漂浮的生物), "krill" (磷虾), "predators" (捕食者), "move up the food web" (沿食物网向上移动). * Draft: `

异尖线虫的生命始于海洋中自由漂浮的生物体。当磷虾等小型生物吞食它们时，它们便进入了食物链。随着捕食者吃掉这些受感染的动物，寄生虫沿着食物网向上移动。

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For example, krill may be eaten by small fish, which are then eaten by larger fish such as salmon. Eventually, the parasites reach marine mammals, where they reproduce. Their eggs are released back into the ocean, restarting the cycle.

` * Key terms: "marine mammals" (海洋哺乳动物), "reproduce" (繁殖). * Draft: `

例如，磷虾可能被小鱼吃掉，小鱼随后又被鲑鱼等较大的鱼吃掉。最终，寄生虫进入海洋哺乳动物体内并在那里繁殖。它们的卵被释放回海洋，重新开始这一循环。

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"If a host is not present -- marine mammals, for example -- anisakids can't complete their life cycle and their numbers will drop," said Wood, who is senior author on the paper.

` * Key terms: "senior author" (资深作者/通讯作者 - usually 通讯作者 in Chinese academia, but senior author literally means 资深作者. I will use 资深作者 or 通讯作者. "Senior author" is often the PI. Let's use 资深作者 to be precise to the text, or 通讯作者 if adapting to Chinese convention. Let's stick to literal "资深作者" or "高级作者". Actually, "通讯作者" is the standard term for the corresponding/senior author. I will use 资深作者 to match the English structure). * Draft: `

“如果缺少宿主——例如海洋哺乳动物——异尖线虫就无法完成生命周期，其数量就会下降，”该论文的资深作者伍德说。

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Are These Parasites Dangerous to People?

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这些寄生虫对人类有危险吗？

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Humans are not part of the anisakid life cycle. Eating properly cooked fish poses little risk because the worms are already dead.

` * Key terms: "properly cooked" (烹饪得当/煮熟). * Draft: `

人类不属于异尖线虫生命周期的一部分。食用烹饪得当的鱼风险很小，因为蠕虫已经死亡。

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However, anisakids, also called "sushi worms" or "sushi parasites," can cause illness if consumed alive in raw or undercooked seafood. Symptoms may resemble food poisoning or, in rare cases, a condition known as anisakiasis.

` * Key terms: "sushi worms" (寿司虫), "raw or undercooked seafood" (生的或未煮熟的海鲜), "food poisoning" (食物中毒), "anisakiasis" (异尖线虫病). * Draft: `

然而，异尖线虫也被称为“寿司虫”或“寿司寄生虫”，如果随生的或未煮熟的海鲜被活体摄入，可能会导致疾病。症状可能类似食物中毒，或者在极少数情况下，引发一种称为异尖线虫病的疾病。

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Where Did the Salmon Samples Come From?

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鲑鱼样本从何而来？

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The canned salmon used in the study came from the Seafood Products Association, a Seattle-based trade group. The organization had preserved these cans over many years for quality control but eventually no longer needed them.

` * Key terms: "Seafood Products Association" (海产品协会), "trade group" (贸易组织/行业组织), "quality control" (质量控制). * Draft: `

研究中使用的鲑鱼罐头来自西雅图的行业组织——海产品协会。该组织多年来为了质量控制保存了这些罐头，但最终不再需要它们。

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Mastick and co-author Rachel Welicky, an assistant professor at Neumann University in Pennsylvania, tested different techniques to analyze the samples. The worms, about a centimeter (0.4 inches) long, often curl up inside the fish muscle. By gently pulling apart the fillets with forceps and using a dissecting microscope, the team was able to count them accurately.

` * Key terms: "co-author" (合著者), "Rachel Welicky" (雷切尔·韦利基), "Neumann University" (纽曼大学), "centimeter" (厘米), "curl up" (卷曲), "fish muscle" (鱼肉/鱼肌), "forceps" (镊子), "dissecting microscope" (解剖显微镜). * Draft: `

马斯蒂克与合著者、宾夕法尼亚州纽曼大学助理教授雷切尔·韦利基测试了不同的技术来分析样本。这些蠕虫长约一厘米（0.4英寸），经常在鱼肉中卷曲。通过用镊子轻轻将鱼片分开并使用解剖显微镜，团队能够准确地对它们进行计数。

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Why Are Parasite Levels Increasing?

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为何寄生虫数量在增加？

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There are several possible explanations for the rise in anisakid levels in some salmon species.

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对于某些鲑鱼物种中异尖线虫数量的增加，有几种可能的解释。

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One key factor may be the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, which helped populations of seals, sea lions, orcas, and other marine mammals recover after years of decline.

` * Key terms: "Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972" (1972年《海洋哺乳动物保护法》), "seals" (海豹), "sea lions" (海狮), "orcas" (虎鲸). * Draft: `

一个关键因素可能是1972年的《海洋哺乳动物保护法》，该法案帮助海豹、海狮、虎鲸和其他海洋哺乳动物种群在经历多年的衰退后得以恢复。

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"Anisakids can only reproduce in the intestines of a marine mammal, so this could be a sign that, over our study period -- from 1979 to 2021 -- anisakid levels were rising because of more opportunities to reproduce," said Mastick.

` * Key terms: "intestines" (肠道). * Draft: `

“异尖线虫只能在海洋哺乳动物的肠道内繁殖，所以这可能是一个信号，表明在我们的研究期间——从1979年到2021年——异尖线虫数量上升是因为有了更多的繁殖机会，”马斯蒂克说。

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Other contributing factors could include warming ocean temperatures or environmental improvements linked to the Clean Water Act.

` * Key terms: "warming ocean temperatures" (海洋温度升高), "Clean Water Act" (《清洁水法》). * Draft: `

其他促成因素可能包括海洋温度升高或与《清洁水法》相关的环境改善。

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Why Some Salmon Species Show No Change

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为何某些鲑鱼物种没有变化

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The stable parasite levels observed in coho and sockeye salmon are more difficult to interpret.

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在银鲑和红鲑中观察到的寄生虫数量保持稳定，这更难解释。

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There are many different anisakid species, each relying on its own combination of hosts. While the canning process preserved the outer structure of the worms, it destroyed the internal features scientists would need to identify specific species.

` * Key terms: "outer structure" (外部结构), "internal features" (内部特征). * Draft: `

异尖线虫有许多不同的物种，每种都依赖其特定的宿主组合。虽然罐头加工过程保存了蠕虫的外部结构，但破坏了科学家鉴定特定物种所需的内部特征。

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A New Way to Study the Ocean's Past

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研究海洋过去的新途径

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Researchers believe this method could be applied to other archived seafood, such as canned sardines, offering a new way to explore historical ecosystems.

` * Key terms: "archived seafood" (存档的海鲜/保存的海鲜), "canned sardines" (沙丁鱼罐头). * Draft: `

研究人员认为这种方法可以应用于其他存档的海鲜，如沙丁鱼罐头，为探索历史生态系统提供了一种新途径。

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They also hope their work encourages scientists to think creatively about untapped data sources.

` * Key terms: "untapped data sources" (未被利用的数据源). * Draft: `

他们也希望自己的工作能鼓励科学家创造性地思考那些未被利用的数据源。

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"This study came about because people heard about our research through the grapevine," said Wood. "We can only get these insights into ecosystems of the past by networking and making the connections to discover untapped sources of historical data."

` * Key terms: "through the grapevine" (道听途说/口口相传/小道消息 - here it means informal networking), "networking" (建立人际网络/社交). * Draft: `

“这项研究之所以能成，是因为人们通过口口相传听说了我们的研究，”伍德说。“只有通过建立人际网络并建立联系来发现未被利用的历史数据源，我们才能获得对过去生态系统的这些见解。”

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Funding and Contributors

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资金与贡献者

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The study included UW undergraduate Aspen Katla, along with Bruce Odegaard and Virginia Ng from the Seafood Products Association. Funding was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Washington Research Foundation, and the University of Washington.

` * Key terms: "UW undergraduate" (华盛顿大学本科生), "Aspen Katla" (阿斯彭·卡特拉), "Bruce Odegaard" (布鲁斯·奥德加德), "Virginia Ng" (弗吉尼亚·吴/吴弗吉尼亚 - Ng is usually 吴 or 伍. I will use transliteration 吴 or just keep Ng if unsure, but standard translation practice is to transliterate. Let's use 吴弗吉尼亚 or 弗吉尼亚·吴. Let's go with 弗吉尼亚·吴), "U.S. National Science Foundation" (美国国家科学基金会), "Alfred P. Sloan Foundation" (阿尔弗雷德·P·斯隆基金会), "Washington Research Foundation" (华盛顿研究基金会). * Draft: `

该研究包括华盛顿大学本科生阿斯彭·卡特拉，以及海产品协会的布鲁斯·奥德加德和弗吉尼亚·吴。资金由美国国家科学基金会、阿尔弗雷德·P·斯隆基金会、华盛顿研究基金会和华盛顿大学提供。

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