一种曾被根除的食肉蝇正在向美国回迁

加利福尼亚州的研究人员正在为新大陆螺旋蝇可能卷土重来做准备,这是一种以活体组织为食的寄生蝇,曾重创美国牲畜。通过监测诱捕器并对兽医和农场主进行宣传教育,他们希望在该害虫立足之前将其遏制。

尽管名字里有“蠕虫”二字,新大陆螺旋蝇并不是蠕虫。它是被称为嗜人锥蝇的一种外观呈金属光泽的丽蝇的幼虫或蛆阶段。大多数丽蝇是无害的,并且在分解动物尸体方面发挥着重要作用。这个物种之所以不同,是因为它以活体组织为食。

“并非所有的丽蝇都是这个物种。我们不必害怕所有的苍蝇,”加州大学河滨分校(UCR)昆虫学助理教授兼该项目首席研究员艾米·穆里罗说道。“但这种特定的物种不是我们希望在这里看到的。”

监测加州以获取早期预警信号

在加州食品和农业部50.7万美元的资助下,加州大学河滨分校的昆虫学家正在启动一项全州监测计划,以探测这种苍蝇卷土重来的任何早期迹象。螺旋蝇将卵产在温血动物(包括人类)的开放性伤口中。一旦卵孵化,蛆虫就会以螺旋运动的方式钻入肉中,这正是这种昆虫名字的由来。

新大陆螺旋蝇曾经在加州和美国南部大部分地区很常见。大约60年前,通过一项释放数百万只不育雄蝇的大规模计划,它被成功根除。因为雌性螺旋蝇只交配一次,这一策略导致其种群崩溃。这项努力将该物种的分布范围向南推移到了巴拿马,此后美国农业部一直在那里维持着一道保护屏障。

向北蔓延的威胁

近年来,螺旋蝇开始再次出现在中美洲和墨西哥南部的部分地区。专家认为,这种死灰复燃与受感染动物的流动有关,这些动物通常由在不知情的情况下帮助害虫传播的人们运输。

 

“目前加州尚未发现它的踪迹,但它距离德克萨斯州边境已在70英里以内,”穆里罗说。“我们需要做好准备。”

诱捕器、引诱剂与早期检测

穆里罗正与加州大学河滨分校兽医昆虫学教授兼推广专家亚历克·格里合作,在加州各地部署诱捕器。这些诱捕器使用美国农业部开发的一种引诱剂,能模仿腐肉的气味。虽然许多丽蝇物种都会被其吸引,但这种引诱剂也能有效地引诱新大陆螺旋蝇。研究人员将定期检查诱捕器,以寻找这种入侵苍蝇进入该州的任何迹象。

该项目还包括针对兽医、牲畜饲养员和昆虫学家的宣传工作。这些群体最有可能早期发现螺旋蝇感染,迅速发现疫情是阻止其蔓延的关键。

为何牲畜面临的风险最大

* *Draft:* 螺旋蝇对家畜构成严重威胁,尤其是那些因带刺铁丝网、分娩或去角等手术而常见受伤的动物。 * *Segment 2:* "Without treatment, infestations can quickly worsen as flies lay more eggs, enlarging wounds and sometimes leading to death." * *Key terms:* infestations (侵染/感染), flies lay more eggs (苍蝇产下更多卵), enlarging wounds (扩大伤口). * *Draft:* 若不及时治疗,随着苍蝇产下更多卵,侵染会迅速恶化,导致伤口扩大,有时甚至致死。 * *Segment 3:* `
 
` (HTML tag, keep as is or ignore? The prompt asks to translate content. Usually, HTML tags are structural. I will keep the structure if possible or just translate the text within the paragraphs. The prompt says "output translation result", usually implies text content. However, preserving HTML tags helps the user if they are pasting back into a CMS. I will preserve the tags to be safe, or just translate the text blocks. Let's look at the input format. It has `

` tags. I should probably output the translated text with the same formatting tags to maintain structure.) * *Segment 4:* "California's dairy and cattle industries are particularly vulnerable." * *Key terms:* dairy and cattle industries (乳制品和养牛业), vulnerable (脆弱/易受影响). * *Draft:* 加利福尼亚州的乳制品和养牛业尤其脆弱。 * *Segment 5:* "Most people think of citrus or avocados as being our top exports, but it's actually dairy that leads our agricultural economy," Murillo said. * *Key terms:* citrus (柑橘), avocados (牛油果), top exports (主要出口产品/顶级出口商品), leads our agricultural economy (引领我们的农业经济/是我们农业经济的支柱). * *Draft:* “大多数人认为柑橘或牛油果是我们的主要出口产品,但实际上乳制品才是我们农业经济的支柱,”Murillo 说。 * *Segment 6:* `

Public Awareness as a Line of Defense

` * *Draft:* `

公众意识作为防线

` * *Segment 7:* "Even though the fly has not been detected in California, researchers say public awareness is an important part of prevention." * *Key terms:* detected (检测到/发现), prevention (预防). * *Draft:* 尽管加利福尼亚州尚未发现这种苍蝇,但研究人员表示,公众意识是预防工作的重要组成部分。 * *Segment 8:* "Not all blowflies are harmful, and many are beneficial," Murillo said. "But if you notice something unusual on your pet or livestock, reach out to a vet. Don't ignore it." * *Key terms:* blowflies (丽蝇), beneficial (有益的), vet (兽医). * *Draft:* “并非所有的丽蝇都有害,许多甚至是有益的,”Murillo 说。“但如果你发现宠物或家畜身上有异常情况,请联系兽医。不要忽视。” * *Segment 9:* "If an outbreak were to happen again, Murillo said the same sterile insect technique used in the past would still be the most effective tool for stopping it." * *Key terms:* outbreak (爆发), sterile insect technique (昆虫不育技术 - standard technical term). * *Draft:* Murillo 表示,如果疫情再次爆发,过去使用的昆虫不育技术仍将是遏制疫情最有效的工具。 * *Segment 10:* `

Rare but Possible Human Infections

` * *Draft:* `

罕见但可能的人类感染

` * *Segment 11:* "Although screwworms primarily target animals, humans can also be affected under certain conditions, particularly when open wounds go untreated." * *Key terms:* primarily target (主要针对), open wounds (开放性伤口). * *Draft:* 虽然螺旋蝇主要针对动物,但在特定条件下人类也会受到影响,特别是当开放性伤口未得到治疗时。 * *Segment 12:* "Infections have been documented in people who traveled to regions where the fly is active." * *Key terms:* documented (有记录), active (活跃). * *Draft:* 曾有前往该苍蝇活跃地区旅行的人员感染病例的记录。 * *Segment 13:* "Even so, livestock remain the primary concern." * *Draft:* 尽管如此,家畜仍然是主要关注对象。 * *Segment 14:* "They need an opening in the flesh, and it doesn't have to be large. They don't make wounds, but they do exploit them," Murillo said. * *Key terms:* opening in the flesh (皮肉上的开口/破口), exploit (利用). * *Draft:* “它们需要皮肉上有开口,而且不需要很大。它们不会制造伤口,但确实会利用伤口,”Murillo 说。 * *Segment 15:* `

Staying Alert Without Panic

` * *Draft:* `

保持警惕,无需恐慌

` * *Segment 16:* "Murillo emphasized that the goal is preparedness, not fear." * *Key terms:* preparedness (做好准备/防备). * *Draft:* Murillo 强调,目标是做好准备,而非制造恐惧。 * *Segment 17:* "You don't have to worry that they're going to start eating your flesh," Murillo said. "But we do hope that this project will help people to be more vigilant in recognizing and preventing screwworm infestations in animals should they return to California." * *Key terms:* vigilant (警惕), recognizing (识别). * *Draft:* “你不必担心它们会开始吃你的肉,”Murillo 说。“但我们确实希望这个项目能帮助人们在识别和预防动物螺旋蝇侵染方面保持更高的警惕,以防它们重返加利福尼亚州。” 3. **Review and Refine:** * Check technical terms: "Screwworms" -> 螺旋蝇. "Blowflies" -> 丽蝇. "Sterile insect technique" -> 昆虫不育技术. "Dehorning" -> 去角. All correct. * Check flow and tone: The tone is informative and serious but accessible. The Chinese translation should reflect this. * Formatting: The user provided HTML tags (`

`, ``, `

`). I should preserve these to ensure the output matches the input structure perfectly. * *Refining Segment 1:* "Screwworms pose a serious threat..." -> 螺旋蝇对家畜构成严重威胁,尤其是那些因带刺铁丝网、分娩或去角等操作而常见受伤的动物。 (Changed "procedures" to "操作" or "手术", "手术" fits dehorning better). Let's use "手术操作". * *Refining Segment 2:* "...enlarging wounds..." -> 导致伤口扩大... * *Refining Segment 5:* "...leads our agricultural economy..." -> 引领着我们的农业经济. "支柱" is good too. Let's stick to literal but smooth: "引领着我们的农业经济". * *Refining Segment 12:* "Infections have been documented..." -> 已有记录显示,前往该苍蝇活跃地区的人员发生过感染。 (Slightly smoother). * *Refining Segment 14:* "They need an opening in the flesh..." -> “它们需要皮肉上有破口...” (Opening -> 破口 sounds more natural for flesh). 4. **Final Polish (incorporating HTML tags):** 螺旋蝇对家畜构成严重威胁,尤其是那些因带刺铁丝网、分娩或去角等手术操作而常见受伤的动物。若不及时治疗,随着苍蝇产下更多卵,侵染会迅速恶化,导致伤口扩大,有时甚至致死。

 

 
<