危重心血管疾病患者可能受益于姑息治疗

姑息治疗是一种专注于缓解症状、满足心理和精神需求,并帮助患者及照护者做出符合其个人信仰和价值观的关键决策的专科医疗。

新的科学声明《危重心血管疾病期间的姑息治疗和临终关怀》提出了将姑息治疗原则融入危重心血管疾病患者管理的策略。姑息治疗旨在提高生活质量;最大限度地减少身体、情感和精神上的痛苦;促进关于预后和护理目标的复杂讨论;并在疾病的所有阶段(不仅仅是临终阶段)为患者、家庭成员和护理人员提供情感和心理社会支持。目前,姑息治疗最广泛用于癌症患者的护理。

该科学声明撰写组的志愿主席、波士顿哈佛医学院医学助理教授兼布莱根妇女医院重症心脏病专家 Erin A. Bohula(医学博士、哲学博士)表示:“我们需要更好地了解姑息治疗在广泛心血管疾病中的益处,特别是对于急性、危重疾病患者。患有各种心脏疾病的人面临着日益增加的症状和功能受限,并且需要使护理与其个人偏好、信仰和价值观保持一致——无论是竭尽全力治疗,还是优先考虑舒适度和生活质量。需要考虑采取以患者为中心的方法,特别是在随着病情进展,就需要对现有的、有时是侵入性的护理方案做出决定时。”

针对特定心血管疾病的姑息治疗

声明作者强调,在患者患病的任何阶段,从重症监护到门诊护理,除了循证治疗外,还可以提供姑息治疗。然而,为心血管疾病提供姑息治疗可能具有挑战性,因为疾病进展可能不可预测,并且可能出现需要住院和/或入住心脏重症监护室的突发紧急情况。这些情况可能导致新的症状,如身体功能丧失,并可能导致意想不到的临终情况,从而需要心脏病学和姑息治疗专业人员提供更密集的支持。

此外,入住心脏重症监护室的许多患者年龄较大(中位年龄为65岁),身体更虚弱且病情危重,患有晚期和复杂的心血管疾病,他们还可能患有多种非心脏疾病。姑息治疗专业人员需要了解心脏重症监护室所需的医学预后和快速决策,包括生命维持技术和先进心脏介入治疗的管理。

姑息治疗可以融入护理中,以管理症状并提高不同类型心血管疾病患者的生活质量:

  • 心力衰竭(心肌衰弱,导致无法泵出足够的血液和氧气以满足身体需求):症状可能包括持续性的呼吸急促和疲劳。治疗方案可能包括植入辅助心脏泵血的装置,或进行心脏移植。心力衰竭管理指南建议将姑息治疗纳入所有心力衰竭患者的管理中。目前的证据表明,将姑息治疗纳入心力衰竭管理与更好的预后相关,包括改善生活质量和症状管理、更好的身体功能、更低的抑郁和焦虑发生率、更好地利用预先护理指示、更低的医疗资源利用率、更低的住院率、更短的住院时间以及更低的护理成本。
  • 冠状动脉疾病(向心肌供血的动脉内斑块堆积):症状包括限制患者生活质量和活动能力的持续性剧烈胸痛,这可能导致抑郁、焦虑和疲劳等额外症状。对于不适合进行血运重建手术(恢复心脏血流)的终末期冠状动脉疾病患者,姑息治疗可能有助于缓解症状。然而,目前的研究表明,只有15%的终末期冠状动脉疾病患者被转诊接受姑息治疗。
  • 外周动脉疾病(也称为PAD,将血液从心脏输送到四肢的动脉变窄):症状可能包括导致行走困难的疼痛,并显著限制生活质量。治疗方案可能包括药物或恢复血流的手术,或者在严重情况下,截肢可能是最佳选择。以往的研究发现,针对外周动脉疾病患者的姑息治疗提高了护理人员和家属的满意度,改善了临终沟通和临终关怀转诊情况。
  • 成人先天性心脏病(成年期的心脏问题,与出生时即存在心脏结构缺陷有关):由于过去几十年先天性心脏缺陷患者护理的进步,存活率已大幅提高。目前,超过97%的先天性心脏病患儿有望存活至成年。这导致面临心力衰竭、心律失常(心跳不规则)和/或血管疾病高风险的成年患者数量增加。姑息治疗可能有助于为患者及其家属提供情感和社会支持,改善生活质量、心理健康和功能状态,并随着疾病进展促进关于护理目标的讨论。然而,只有10-15%的先天性心脏病患者报告收到姑息治疗的转诊。
  • * *Draft:* 瓣膜疾病(一个或多个心脏瓣膜无法正常打开或关闭,造成血流问题): * *Refinement:* "Valvular disease" -> 心脏瓣膜病 (more standard medical term). "creating blood flow problems" -> 导致血流问题. * *Final:* 心脏瓣膜病(一个或多个心脏瓣膜无法正常开启或关闭,导致血流问题): * **Segment 2:** `Symptoms can include shortness of breath and chest pain.` * *Draft:* 症状可能包括呼吸急促和胸痛。 * *Refinement:* "Shortness of breath" -> 呼吸困难 (medical term) or 气短. "呼吸困难" is more professional. * *Final:* 症状可能包括呼吸困难和胸痛。 * **Segment 3:** `Treatment options may include open heart or less-invasive surgery to replace or repair a valve that isn't functioning properly.` * *Draft:* 治疗选择可能包括开胸或微创手术来替换或修复功能不正常的瓣膜。 * *Refinement:* "Open heart" -> 开胸心脏 (usually just 开胸 or 开放式心脏). "Less-invasive" -> 微创. "Replace or repair" -> 置换或修复. * *Final:* 治疗方案可能包括开胸手术或微创手术,以置换或修复功能异常的瓣膜。 * **Segment 4:** `Palliative care may help assess the patient's goals of care; the most common goal reported by patients with advanced heart valve disease is symptom relief rather than prolonging life.` * *Draft:* 姑息治疗可能有助于评估患者的护理目标;晚期心脏瓣膜病患者报告的最常见目标是缓解症状而不是延长生命。 * *Refinement:* "Palliative care" -> 姑息治疗. "Goals of care" -> 护理目标 / 治疗目标. "Symptom relief" -> 缓解症状. * *Final:* 姑息治疗有助于评估患者的护理目标;晚期心脏瓣膜病患者报告的最常见目标是缓解症状而非延长生命。 * **Segment 5:** `More than 5 million people in the U.S. are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year, and the prevalence is expected to increase due to the aging population and improvements in diagnostic strategies.
  • ` * *Draft:* 美国每年有超过500万人被诊断患有心脏瓣膜病,由于人口老龄化和诊断策略的改进,预计患病率将增加。 * *Refinement:* "Prevalence" -> 患病率. "Aging population" -> 人口老龄化. * *Final:* 美国每年有超过500万人被确诊为心脏瓣膜病,由于人口老龄化和诊断策略的改进,预计该病的患病率将会上升。 * **Segment 6:** `
  • Arrhythmias (abnormal or irregular heartbeats):` * *Draft:*
  • 心律失常(心跳异常或不规则): * *Final:*
  • 心律失常(心跳异常或不规律): * **Segment 7:** `Patients who have implantable cardiac defibrillators may experience psychological stress or anxiety due to receiving sudden, unexpected shocks from the device, which can affect their quality of life.` * *Draft:* 拥有植入式心脏除颤器的患者可能会因为设备突然、意外的电击而经历心理压力或焦虑,这会影响他们的生活质量。 * *Refinement:* "Implantable cardiac defibrillators" -> 植入式心律转复除颤器 (ICD is the standard term, but full translation is needed). "Shocks" -> 电击. "Quality of life" -> 生活质量. * *Final:* 植入植入式心律转复除颤器的患者可能会因设备发出突然、意外的电击而产生心理压力或焦虑,从而影响其生活质量。 * **Segment 8:** `Palliative care can assist with aligning patient values and goals for invasive procedures and device management, specifically implantation, replacement, removal or deactivation.` * *Draft:* 姑息治疗可以帮助协调患者对侵入性手术和设备管理的价值观和目标,特别是植入、更换、移除或停用。 * *Refinement:* "Aligning" -> 协调 / 统一. "Device management" -> 装置管理. "Deactivation" -> 关闭 / 停用. * *Final:* 姑息治疗可协助协调患者对于侵入性手术及装置管理(具体包括植入、更换、移除或停用)的价值观与目标。 * **Segment 9:** `However, only an estimated 9-14% of patients with implantable cardiac defibrillators receive palliative care consultation.
  • ` * *Draft:* 然而,估计只有9-14%的植入式心脏除颤器患者接受了姑息治疗咨询。 * *Refinement:* "Consultation" -> 会诊 / 咨询. In hospital settings, "consultation" often implies a formal "会诊". * *Final:* 然而,据估计仅有9-14%的植入式心律转复除颤器患者接受了姑息治疗会诊。 * **Segment 10:** `
  • Post-cardiac arrest (a life-threatening emergency in which the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stopped pumping):` * *Draft:*
  • 心脏骤停后(一种危及生命的紧急情况,心脏突然意外停止泵血): * *Refinement:* "Stopped pumping" -> 停止泵血. * *Final:*
  • 心脏骤停后(一种危及生命的紧急情况,指心脏突然且意外地停止泵血): * **Segment 11:** `Lasting symptoms after cardiac arrest may include significant brain injury, physical fatigue, muscle weakness, chest pain, shortness of breath, changes in vision or speech, problems with fine motor skills, memory loss and emotional challenges such as post-traumatic stress disorder.` * *Draft:* 心脏骤停后的持续症状可能包括严重脑损伤、身体疲劳、肌肉无力、胸痛、呼吸急促、视力或语言变化、精细运动技能问题、记忆丧失和情绪挑战如创伤后应激障碍。 * *Refinement:* "Significant brain injury" -> 重度脑损伤. "Physical fatigue" -> 躯体疲劳. "Fine motor skills" -> 精细运动技能. "Post-traumatic stress disorder" -> 创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD). * *Final:* 心脏骤停后的长期症状可能包括重度脑损伤、躯体疲劳、肌肉无力、胸痛、呼吸困难、视力或言语改变、精细运动技能障碍、记忆丧失以及情感障碍(如创伤后应激障碍)。 * **Segment 12:** `Early referral for palliative care consultation can help patients after cardiac arrest with navigating challenging discussions, assisting in complex decision-making, and providing ongoing support for families, caregivers and care teams.
` * *Draft:* 早期转诊进行姑息治疗咨询可以帮助心脏骤停后的患者应对困难的讨论,协助复杂的决策,并为家庭、护理人员和护理团队提供持续支持。 * *Refinement:* "Navigating challenging discussions" -> 引导/应对艰难的谈话. "Caregivers" -> 照护者. "Care teams" -> 医疗团队 / 护理团队. * *Final:* 早期转诊进行姑息治疗会诊有助于心脏骤停后患者应对艰难的病情沟通,协助做出复杂的决策,并为家属、照护者及医疗团队提供持续支持。 * **Segment 13:** `

Accessibility challenges and ethical considerations

` * *Draft:*

可及性挑战与伦理考量

* *Final:*

可及性挑战与伦理考量

* **Segment 14:** `
 
` (Keep as is) * **Segment 15:** `

Despite the growing evidence about the benefits of palliative care, many people with cardiovascular disease have limited access to palliative care specialists.` * *Draft:* 尽管关于姑息治疗益处的证据越来越多,但许多心血管疾病患者获得姑息治疗 * *Draft:* 对于晚期心血管疾病患者,还存在复杂的伦理考量,特别是在涉及生命维持干预措施时。 * *Refinement:* "Advanced cardiovascular disease" -> 晚期心血管疾病 / 晚期心血管病. "Life-sustaining interventions" -> 生命维持干预措施 / 维持生命的干预手段. The draft looks good. * **Segment 2:** "Medical codes of ethics emphasize promoting patient well-being, avoiding harm and respecting patient autonomy; however, these can sometimes seem at odds in the setting of the cardiac intensive care unit or treating a patient with end-stage cardiovascular disease." * *Draft:* 医学伦理准则强调促进患者福祉、避免伤害和尊重患者自主权;然而,在心脏重症监护病房或治疗终末期心血管疾病患者时,这些原则有时似乎相互矛盾。 * *Refinement:* "Medical codes of ethics" -> 医学伦理准则. "Promoting patient well-being" -> 促进患者福祉. "Avoiding harm" -> 避免伤害. "Respecting patient autonomy" -> 尊重患者自主权. "At odds" -> 相互矛盾 / 冲突. "Cardiac intensive care unit" -> 心脏重症监护病房 (CICU). "End-stage" -> 终末期. The translation is accurate. * **Segment 3:** "For example, deactivating the shocking function of an implanted cardiac defibrillator may increase the risk of death if a fatal arrhythmia occurs, while at the same time minimizing a patient's pain by avoiding the delivery of multiple shocks." * *Draft:* 例如,关闭植入式心脏除颤器的电击功能可能会在发生致死性心律失常时增加死亡风险,但同时也能通过避免多次电击来最大限度地减少患者的痛苦。 * *Refinement:* "Deactivating" -> 关闭 / 停用. "Shocking function" -> 电击功能 / 除颤功能. "Implanted cardiac defibrillator" -> 植入式心脏除颤器 (ICD). "Fatal arrhythmia" -> 致死性心律失常. "Minimizing a patient's pain" -> 最大限度地减少患者的痛苦. The flow is natural. * **Segment 4:** "A separate, recently published American Heart Association scientific statement on palliative care and advanced cardiovascular disease highlights the importance of shared decision-making involving the patient and family as the disease progresses." * *Draft:* 美国心脏协会最近发表的一份关于姑息治疗和晚期心血管疾病的独立科学声明强调了随着疾病进展,让患者和家属参与共同决策的重要性。 * *Refinement:* "Separate" -> 独立 / 另行. "Scientific statement" -> 科学声明. "Palliative care" -> 姑息治疗. "Shared decision-making" -> 共同决策. The structure is clear. * **Segment 5:** "When a patient's symptoms become more severe and difficult to manage, discussions about changing or discontinuing certain treatments may be necessary based on the patient's personal preferences, quality of life, prognosis and advanced care documents." * *Draft:* 当患者症状变得更加严重且难以控制时,可能有必要根据患者的个人偏好、生活质量、预后和预先医疗指示,讨论更改或停止某些治疗方案。 * *Refinement:* "Difficult to manage" -> 难以控制 / 难以管理. "Advanced care documents" -> 预先医疗指示 / 预先护理文件. "Advanced care documents" usually refers to advance directives. "预先医疗指示" is a standard term. * **Segment 6:** "Education for cardiovascular specialists" * *Draft:* 心血管专科医师的教育 * *Refinement:* "Cardiovascular specialists" -> 心血管专科医师 / 心血管专家. "专科医师" fits the context of training/fellowship better. * **Segment 7:** "While palliative care is not a recognized subspecialty of cardiology, its approaches can be offered by cardiovascular clinicians with specialized training in palliative care and in consultation with palliative care specialists." * *Draft:* 虽然姑息治疗不是心脏病学公认的亚专科,但其方法可以由接受过姑息治疗专科培训的心血管临床医生提供,并在姑息治疗专家的会诊下进行。 * *Refinement:* "Recognized subspecialty" -> 公认的亚专科 / 认定的亚专科. "Cardiovascular clinicians" -> 心血管临床医生. "In consultation with" -> 在...会诊下 / 经...咨询. The translation is solid. * **Segment 8:** "However, only a small fraction of health care professionals who complete a cardiology fellowship receive either required or elective training in palliative care." * *Draft:* 然而,在完成心脏病学专科培训的医疗专业人员中,只有一小部分接受过姑息治疗的必修或选修培训。 * *Refinement:* "Cardiology fellowship" -> 心脏病学专科培训 / 心脏病学 Fellowship (often translated as 专科培训 or 住院医师规范化培训后的专科培训). "Required or elective training" -> 必修或选修培训. * **Segment 9:** "

 
" (HTML tag, keep as is or ignore? The prompt asks to translate content. Usually, HTML tags are preserved in structure if they are part of the text flow, but the prompt says "translate the following content". I will preserve the HTML structure to maintain formatting integrity as requested by "professional tech translator" persona usually implies keeping code/tags if present, but looking at the output requirement "only output translation", I should probably just output the text. However, the input has `

` tags. I will output the text with the corresponding formatting or just plain text? The prompt says "retain all scientific data and technical details". It doesn't explicitly say "retain HTML tags". But usually, for web content translation, tags are kept. Let's look at the input again. It has `

`, `

  • `, `
  • `. I will retain the HTML tags to ensure the structure is preserved for the user, as that is standard for translating web content snippets.) * **Segment 10:** "The scientific statement identifies several basic palliative care competencies needed by cardiovascular specialists:" * *Draft:* 该科学声明指出了心血管专科医师所需的几项基本姑息治疗能力: * *Refinement:* "Competencies" -> 能力 / 胜任力. "Identifies" -> 指出 / 确定. * **Segment 11 (List Item 1):** "ability to manage common symptoms of various cardiovascular conditions, such as pain, fatigue, nausea and shortness of breath, and address the emotional, psychological and spiritual needs of patients and their families;" * *Draft:* 管理各种心血管疾病常见症状(如疼痛、疲劳、恶心和呼吸急促)的能力,以及满足患者及其家属情感、心理和精神需求的能力; * *Refinement:* "Shortness of breath" -> 呼吸急促 / 呼吸困难. "Address" -> 满足 / 处理 / 应对. "Spiritual needs" -> 精神需求. * **Segment 12 (List Item 2):** "skills in discussing prognosis, treatment options and goals of care with patients and families, with sensitivity to cultural, religious and personal values that may influence patient preferences and decision-making;" * *Draft:* 与患者和家属讨论预后、治疗方案和护理目标的技能,并对可能影响患者偏好和决策的文化、宗教和个人价值观保持敏感; * *Refinement:* "Goals of care" -> 护理目标 / 治疗目标. "Sensitivity" -> 敏感度 / 敏感性. "With sensitivity to..." -> 对...保持敏感. * **Segment 13 (List Item 3):** "ability to collaborate in a multidisciplinary team and coordinate care across different settings to ensure continuity of care; and" * *Draft:* 在多学科团队中协作并协调不同环境下的护理工作以确保护理连续性的能力;以及 * *Refinement:* "Multidisciplinary team" -> 多学科团队. "Coordinate care" -> 协调护理 / 协调诊疗. "Settings" -> 环境 / 场所. "Continuity of care" -> 护理连续性. * **Segment 14 (List Item 4):** "understanding of the ethical issues involved in advanced cardiovascular care, including end-of-life decisions, informed consent and advance directives." * *Draft:* 对晚期心血管护理中涉及的伦理问题的理解,包括临终决定、知情同意和预先指示。 * *Refinement:* "End-of-life decisions" -> 临终决定 / 临终决策. "Informed consent" -> * *Draft 1:* 至关重要的是,所有心脏重症监护室和急性护理专业人员都拥有提供姑息治疗基本原则的工具和知识,例如症状管理,并确保护理是适当的并与患者的个人选择相一致。 * *Refinement:* "Cardiac intensive care unit" -> 心脏重症监护室 (CICU). "Acute care professionals" -> 急性护理专业人员. "Basic tenets" -> 基本原则/宗旨. "Symptom management" -> 症状管理. "Aligns with" -> 相符/一致. * *Polished:* “至关重要的是,所有心脏重症监护室和急性护理专业人员都应掌握提供姑息治疗基本原则所需的工具和知识,例如症状管理,并确保护理措施得当且符合患者的个人意愿。” * *Sentence 2:* "As the field of cardiac critical care advances, incorporating palliative care principles ensures a holistic approach to providing care and addressing the complex needs of these patients during a health care crisis or at the end-of-life," said Bohula. * *Draft 1:* “随着心脏重症护理领域的进步,纳入姑息治疗原则确保了一种提供护理的整体方法,并解决了这些患者在医疗危机或生命末期期间的复杂需求,”Bohula说。 * *Refinement:* "Cardiac critical care" -> 心脏重症护理/心脏危重症护理. "Holistic approach" -> 整体方法/全方位方法. "Health care crisis" -> 医疗危机/健康危机. "End-of-life" -> 生命末期. * *Polished:* “随着心脏重症护理领域的进步,纳入姑息治疗原则可确保采用整体方法来提供护理,并满足患者在医疗危机或生命末期的复杂需求,”博胡拉(Bohula)说道。 * *Sentence 3:* This scientific statement was prepared by the volunteer writing group on behalf of the American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care and General Cardiology Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, and the Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing. * *Draft 1:* 这份科学声明是由志愿写作小组代表美国心脏协会临床心脏病学委员会的急性心脏护理和普通心脏病学委员会,以及心血管和卒中护理委员会编写的。 * *Refinement:* Need to handle the hierarchy of committees correctly. * American Heart Association (AHA) -> 美国心脏协会. * Council on Clinical Cardiology -> 临床心脏病学委员会. * Acute Cardiac Care and General Cardiology Committee -> 急性心脏护理与普通心脏病学委员会 (This is a committee *of* the Council). * Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing -> 心血管与卒中护理委员会. * *Polished:* 本科学声明由志愿写作小组代表美国心脏协会临床心脏病学委员会下属的急性心脏护理与普通心脏病学委员会,以及心血管与卒中护理委员会编写。 * *Sentence 4:* American Heart Association scientific statements promote greater awareness about cardiovascular diseases and stroke issues and help facilitate informed health care decisions. * *Draft 1:* 美国心脏协会的科学声明促进了对心血管疾病和中风问题的更大认识,并有助于促进知情的医疗保健决定。 * *Refinement:* "Promote greater awareness" -> 提高...意识/增进...了解. "Stroke" -> 卒中 (standard medical term in China, though 中风 is common, 卒中 is more professional). "Informed health care decisions" -> 明智的医疗决策/知情的医疗决策. * *Polished:* 美国心脏协会的科学声明旨在提高对心血管疾病和卒中问题的认识,并帮助促成知情的医疗保健决策。 * *Sentence 5:* Scientific statements outline what is currently known about a topic and what areas need additional research. * *Draft 1:* 科学声明概述了关于某个主题目前已知的内容,以及哪些领域需要额外的研究。 * *Refinement:* "Outline" -> 概述/阐明. "Currently known" -> 现有认知/已知内容. * *Polished:* 科学声明概述了目前关于某一主题的已知内容,以及需要进一步研究的领域。 * *Sentence 6:* While scientific statements inform the development of guidelines, they do not make treatment recommendations. * *Draft 1:* 虽然科学声明为指南的制定提供信息,但它们不提出治疗建议。 * *Refinement:* "Inform the development" -> 为...制定提供依据/参考. "Make treatment recommendations" -> 提出治疗建议. * *Polished:* 虽然科学声明为指南的制定提供参考,但其中不包含治疗建议。 * *Sentence 7:* American Heart Association guidelines provide the Association's official clinical practice recommendations. * *Draft 1:* 美国心脏协会指南提供协会的官方临床实践建议。 * *Refinement:* "Clinical practice recommendations" -> 临床实践建议/推荐. * *Polished:* 美国心脏协会指南则提供了该协会的官方临床实践建议。 3. **Final Review:** * Check for flow and tone. The tone should be professional and academic. * Check specific terms: "Palliative care" -> 姑息治疗. "Cardiac intensive care unit" -> 心脏重症监护室. "Stroke" -> 卒中. "Council" -> 委员会. "Committee" -> 委员会 (sometimes translated as 分会 or 小组 depending on hierarchy, but here Committee is under Council, so both can be 委员会, or Committee can be translated as 专业委员会/工作组 to distinguish. Standard AHA translation usually keeps them distinct or uses context. Let's stick to standard translations: Council -> 委员会, Committee -> 委员会/分委员会. I will use "委员会" for both but structure the sentence clearly to show hierarchy). * *Correction on Sentence 3:* "Acute Cardiac Care and General Cardiology Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology". * Translation: 临床心脏病学委员会下属的急性心脏护理与普通心脏病学委员会. This is accurate. 4. **Final Output Generation:** (Assemble the polished sentences). “至关重要的是,所有心脏重症监护室和急性护理专业人员都应掌握提供姑息治疗基本原则所需的工具和知识,例如症状管理,并确保护理措施得当且符合患者的个人意愿。随着心脏重症护理领域的进步,纳入姑息治疗原则可确保采用整体方法来提供护理,并满足患者在医疗危机或生命末期的复杂需求,”博胡拉(Bohula)说道。 本科学声明由志愿写作小组代表美国心脏协会临床心脏病学委员会下属的急性心脏护理与普通心脏病学委员会,以及心血管与卒中护理委员会编写。美国心脏协会的科学声明旨在提高对心血管疾病和卒中问题的认识,并帮助促成知情的医疗保健决策。科学声明概述了目前关于某一主题的已知内容,以及需要进一步研究的领域。虽然科学声明为指南的制定提供参考,但其中不包含治疗建议。美国心脏协会指南则提供了该协会的官方临床实践建议。 5. **Formatting:** The user input has HTML tags `

     

    `. I should probably maintain the paragraph structure or just output the text. The prompt asks to translate the content. I will output the text in two paragraphs corresponding to the source. *Self-Correction on formatting:* The prompt says "Only output the translation result". I will output the text clearly separated by paragraphs. *Refining Sentence 1 again:* "It is critical that..." -> “……至关重要”. "aligns with the patient's personal choices" -> 符合患者的个人意愿. (Sounds better than 选择). *Refining Sentence 3:* "on behalf of" -> 代表. "Council on Clinical Cardiology" -> 临床心脏病学委员会. "Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing" -> 心血管与卒中护理委员会. *Final Polish:* “至关重要的是,所有心脏重症监护室和急性护理专业人员都应掌握提供姑息治疗基本原则所需的工具和知识,例如症状管理,并确保护理措施得当且符合患者的个人意愿。随着心脏重症护理领域的进步,纳入姑息治疗原则可确保采用整体方法来提供护理,并满足患者在医疗危机或生命末期的复杂需求,”博胡拉