全球最常用的除草剂之一可能正在助长致命超级细菌

* *Draft:* 科学家发现证据表明，草甘膦是世界上使用最广泛的除草剂之一，可能有助于筛选出对多种抗生素具有耐药性的细菌。 * *Refinement:* "Select for" in an evolutionary/biological context usually translates to "筛选出" or "选择出". "Resistant to multiple antibiotics" is "多重抗生素耐药" or "对多种抗生素具有耐药性". * *Final:* 科学家发现证据表明，草甘膦作为世界上使用最广泛的除草剂之一，可能有助于筛选出对多种抗生素具有耐药性的细菌。 * **Segment 2:** * *Source:* "Here we show that the most common species of multidrug-resistant bacteria from hospitals are not only resistant to multiple antibiotic classes, but also to high concentrations of the weedkiller glyphosate," said Dr. Daniela Centrón, a researcher at the Institute of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology in Buenos Aires and the senior author of the study published in *Frontiers in Microbiology*. * *Draft:* “在这里我们表明，来自医院的最常见的多重耐药细菌物种不仅对多种抗生素类别有耐药性，而且对高浓度的除草剂草甘膦也有耐药性，”布宜诺斯艾利斯医学微生物学和寄生虫学研究所的研究员、发表在《微生物学前沿》上的这项研究的资深作者 Daniela Centrón 博士说。 * *Refinement:* "Multidrug-resistant bacteria" -> 多重耐药细菌. "Antibiotic classes" -> 抗生素类别. "Senior author" -> 资深作者 or 通讯作者 (usually senior author implies the PI, "资深作者" is accurate). Journal name: *Frontiers in Microbiology* -> 《微生物学前沿》. * *Final:* “在这里我们表明，医院中最常见的多重耐药细菌种类不仅对多种抗生素类别具有耐药性，而且对高浓度的除草剂草甘膦也具有耐药性，”布宜诺斯艾利斯医学微生物学与寄生虫学研究所研究员、发表在《微生物学前沿》上的这项研究的资深作者丹妮拉·森特龙（Daniela Centrón）博士表示。 * **Segment 3:** * *Source:* "These results suggest that weedkillers -- which, unlike antibiotics, are widely applied in agricultural environments -- may have the unintended side-effect of selecting for AMR among bacterial communities within the soil." * *Draft:* “这些结果表明，除草剂——不像抗生素那样，被广泛应用于农业环境——可能具有在土壤细菌群落中选择出AMR（抗菌素耐药性）的意外副作用。” * *Refinement:* "AMR" stands for Antimicrobial Resistance. In Chinese, usually translated as "抗菌素耐药性" or "抗微生物药物耐药性". "Selecting for" -> 筛选/选择. "Unintended side-effect" -> 意想不到的副作用. * *Final:* “这些结果表明，除草剂——与抗生素不同，它们被广泛应用于农业环境——可能具有一种意想不到的副作用，即在土壤细菌群落中筛选出抗菌素耐药性（AMR）。” * **Segment 4 (Blockquote):** * *Source:* "For decades, Roundup was closely associated with glyphosate, the herbicide first registered in the United States in 1974. Today, the answer is more complicated. Home-use Roundup products found in many hardware and garden stores have been reformulated without glyphosate and may contain ingredients such as triclopyr, fluazifop, and diquat. But glyphosate remains in professional and agricultural Roundup products used in farming, landscaping, and other commercial settings." * *Draft:* 几十年来，农达与草甘膦密切相关，这种除草剂于1974年在美国首次注册。如今，答案变得更加复杂。在许多五金店和花园商店发现的家庭用农达产品已经重新配方，不含草甘膦，可能含有三氯吡氧乙酸、氟草烟和敌草快等成分。但草甘膦仍然存在于用于农业、景观美化和其他商业环境的专业和农业农达产品中。 * *Refinement:* "Roundup" -> 农达. "Triclopyr" -> 三氯吡氧乙酸. "Fluazifop" -> 吡氟禾草灵 (Wait, checking chemical name. Fluazifop-P-butyl is common, usually just Fluazifop refers to the acid or the group. Standard translation for Fluazifop is 吡氟禾草灵 or 氟吡禾灵. Let's use 吡氟禾草灵). "Diquat" -> 敌草快. "Reformulated" -> 改良配方/重新配方. "Landscaping" -> 园林绿化/景观美化. * *Final:* 数十年来，农达（Roundup）一直与草甘膦密切相关，这种除草剂于1974年在美国首次注册。如今，情况变得更加复杂。在许多五金店和园艺商店找到的家用农达产品已经过重新配方，不含草甘膦，可能含有三氯吡氧乙酸、吡氟禾草灵和敌草快等成分。但在农业、园林绿化和其他商业环境中使用的专业和农用农达产品中，草甘膦仍然存在。 * **Segment 5:** * *Source:* "Testing Bacteria From Nature, Farms, and Hospitals" * *Draft:* 测试来自自然、农场和医院的细菌 * *Refinement:* Standard heading style. * *Final:* **测试来自自然、农场和医院的细菌** * **Segment 6:** * *Source:* "To investigate the connection, Centrón and her colleagues analyzed 68 bacterial strains collected in 2018 and 2020 from sediment in a protected nature reserve in the Paraná delta, a wetland region north of Buenos Aires. Although herbicides have never been applied inside the reserve, glyphosate is commonly used in nearby agricultural areas." * *Draft:* 为了调查这种联系，Centrón和她的同事分析了2018年和2020年收集的68个细菌菌株，这些菌株来自布宜诺斯艾利斯北部湿地地区巴拉那三角洲的一个受保护自然保护区的沉积物。虽然除草剂从未在保护区内使用，但草甘膦在附近的农业区很常用。 * *Refinement:* "Paraná delta" -> 巴拉那河三角洲. "Sediment" -> 沉积物. "Strains" -> 菌株. * *Final:* 为了调查这种联系，森特龙和她的同事分析了68个细菌菌株，这些菌株于2018年和2020年采集自布宜诺斯艾利斯北部湿地地区巴拉那河三角洲的一个受保护自然保护区的沉积物中。尽管保护区内从未使用过除草剂，但草甘膦在附近的农业区域被广泛使用。 * **Segment 7 (HTML tag):** * ` ` -> Keep as is? The prompt asks to translate the content. Usually, HTML tags are structural. I should probably ignore the tag or just leave it be if it's part of the text structure. However, the user asked to translate the *content*. I will omit the HTML tag in the translation output as it's not translatable text, or I can leave it if the user wants the exact HTML structure. Given the instruction "translate the following content", usually implies the text. But to be safe and professional regarding "technical details", I will treat the text flow. I will skip the div tag in the translation output as it's a placeholder, but I will ensure the text flows correctly. Wait, looking at the prompt again: "Retain all scientific data and technical details". HTML tags are technical details of the document structure. I will retain it to be safe, or just translate the text around it. Let's look at the output format. It's a translation task. I will output the translated text. I will omit the div tag as it's likely an injection point for ads or images in the source CMS and irrelevant to the Chinese reader, but if I must be strict, I might keep it. Let's assume standard translation practice: translate the text. I will omit the tag to provide a clean reading experience, as is standard for "translating content". *Self-correction*: If I am a "professional tech translator", I should probably output the text. I will ignore the div tag. * **Segment 8:** * *Source:* "The researchers examined how resistant each strain was to 16 commonly used antibiotics, including ampicillin combined with sulbactam, meropenem, tetracycline, and vancomycin. They also tested resistance to pure glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides * *Key terms:* untreated wastewater (未经处理的废水), thrive (繁衍/生长旺盛), agricultural areas (农业区域), glyphosate (草甘膦), first author (第一作者), research group (研究小组). * *Draft:* “这意味着如果这些细菌通过医院未经处理的废水进入环境，它们可能会在使用草甘膦的农业区域继续繁衍，”Centrón博士研究小组的第一作者Camila Knecht博士说。 * *Refinement:* "go on to thrive" -> 继续繁衍/得以繁衍. The structure is standard reporting speech. * *Sentence 2:* The 68 strains collected from the Paraná delta represented 15 different genera, including *Acinetobacter*, *Pseudomonas*, *Exiguobacterium*, and *Chryseobacterium*. * *Key terms:* strains (菌株), Paraná delta (巴拉那河三角洲), genera (属), *Acinetobacter* (不动杆菌属), *Pseudomonas* (假单胞菌属), *Exiguobacterium* (微小杆菌属), *Chryseobacterium* (金黄杆菌属). * *Draft:* 从巴拉那河三角洲收集的68株菌株代表了15个不同的属，包括不动杆菌属、假单胞菌属、微小杆菌属和金黄杆菌属。 * *注明:* Scientific names of bacteria should be italicized in the source, and usually transliterated or kept with Chinese names in Chinese scientific writing. I will use the standard Chinese names for these genera. * *Sentence 3:* Every one of them displayed at least some resistance to glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides, despite the fact that these chemicals had never been applied within the reserve itself. * *Key terms:* resistance (抗性/耐药性 - here it's herbicide resistance, so 抗性 is better), glyphosate-based herbicides (草甘膦类除草剂), reserve (保护区). * *Draft:* 尽管这些化学物质从未在保护区内部使用过，但每一株菌株都至少对草甘膦和草甘膦类除草剂表现出一定的抗性。 * *Sentence 4:* Among the environmental strains, *Enterobacter* species tolerated the highest glyphosate concentrations, surviving levels of up to 80 milligrams per milliliter. * *Key terms:* *Enterobacter* (肠杆菌属), tolerated (耐受), concentrations (浓度), milligrams per milliliter (毫克/毫升). * *Draft:* 在环境菌株中，肠杆菌属物种耐受的草甘膦浓度最高，能在高达80毫克/毫升的浓度下存活。 * *Sentence 5:* In contrast, *Bacillus* species, which are commonly found in soil, were especially sensitive. * *Key terms:* *Bacillus* (芽孢杆菌属), sensitive (敏感). * *Draft:* 相比之下，土壤中常见的芽孢杆菌属物种则特别敏感。 * *Sentence 6:* Their growth was inhibited at concentrations as low as 2.5 milligrams per milliliter. * *Key terms:* inhibited (抑制). * *Draft:* 在浓度低至2.5毫克/毫升时，它们的生长就受到了抑制。 * *Sentence 7:* High glyphosate resistance was also observed in strains isolated from hospital infections that showed extreme drug resistance. * *Key terms:* isolated (分离), hospital infections (医院感染), extreme drug resistance (极度耐药性/广泛耐药性). * *Draft:* 从表现出极度耐药性的医院感染病例中分离出的菌株，也观察到了高草甘膦抗性。 * *Heading 1:* **Resistant Bacteria Share Similar Genetic Backgrounds** * *Draft:* **抗性细菌具有相似的遗传背景** * *Sentence 8:* The researchers then constructed a genetic "family tree" using all 102 bacterial strains included in the study. * *Key terms:* genetic "family tree" (遗传“家谱”/系统发育树 - "family tree" is metaphorical here, usually translated as 家谱 or 系统发育树 in strict science, but sticking to the text's tone: 遗传“家谱”). * *Draft:* 随后，研究人员利用研究中包含的所有102株细菌菌株构建了一个遗传“家谱”。 * *Sentence 9:* They found that bacteria with the greatest glyphosate resistance were often closely related, regardless of whether they originated from hospitals, farms, or the Paraná delta. * *Key terms:* closely related (亲缘关系密切). * *Draft:* 他们发现，具有最高草甘膦抗性的细菌往往亲缘关系密切，无论它们是来自医院、农场还是巴拉那河三角洲。 * *Sentence 10:* For example, the same bacterial genera showed glyphosate resistance across all three environments. * *Draft:* 例如，相同的细菌属在所有三种环境中都表现出草甘膦抗性。 * *Sentence 11:* "In the environment, the use of glyphosate leads to the evolution of resistant bacteria in impacted soils, whereas the use of antibiotics favors their evolution in hospitals. * *Key terms:* evolution (进化/演化), impacted soils (受影响的土壤), favors (促进/有利于). * *Draft:* “在环境中，草甘膦的使用导致受影响土壤中抗性细菌的进化，而抗生素的使用则促进了它们在医院中的进化。 * *Sentence 12:* Bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes can spread and breed between those two niches in both directions and in multiple ways, with the water cycle playing a key role in transmission," concluded coauthor Dr. Jochen A Müller, a group leader at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. * *Key terms:* antibiotic resistance genes (抗生素耐药基因), niches (生态位), water cycle (水循环), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院). * *Draft:* 携带抗生素耐药基因的细菌可以通过多种方式在这两个生态位之间双向传播和繁殖，其中水循环在传播过程中起着关键作用，”合著者、卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院研究小组组长Jochen A Müller博士总结道。 * *Heading 2:* **Concerns About Glyphosate and Public Health** * *Draft:* **关于草甘膦与公共卫生的担忧** * *Sentence 13:* Glyphosate has long been the subject of scientific and regulatory debate. * *Draft:* 长期以来，草甘膦一直是科学界和监管机构争论的主题。 * *Sentence 14:* Research has shown that it can harm arthropods (in particular bees), and the International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies it as a probable human carcinogen. * *Key terms:* arthropods (节肢动物), International Agency for Research on Cancer (国际癌症研究机构), probable human carcinogen (可能对人类致癌/ probable carcinogen is 2A group usually). * *Draft:* 研究表明，它可以危害节肢动物（特别是蜜蜂），国际癌症研究机构将其归类为可能对人类致癌的物质。 * *Sentence 15:* Several European countries have already restricted some uses of the herbicide. * *Draft:* 几个欧洲国家已经限制了这种除草剂的某些用途。 * *Sentence 16:* France, Belgium, and the Netherlands have banned glyphosate for household applications, while Germany currently prohibits its use in public spaces. * *Key terms:* household applications (家庭用途), public spaces (公共场所). * *Draft:* 法国、比利时和荷兰已禁止草甘膦的家庭用途，而德国目前禁止在公共场所使用。 * *Sentence 17:* Based on the findings, the researchers argue that pesticide regulations should take antibiotic resistance into account before products reach the market. * *Key terms:* pesticide regulations (农药法规/监管), take ... into account (考虑). * *Draft:* 基于这些发现，研究人员认为，农药监管法规应在产品上市前将抗生素耐药性纳入考量。 3. **Review and Polish:** * Check for flow and accuracy. * *Sentence 1:* "go on to thrive" -> "得以繁衍" sounds natural. * *Sentence 2:* Bacterial names: *Acinetobacter* (不动杆菌属), *Pseudomonas* (假单胞菌属), *Exiguobacterium* (微小杆菌属), *Chryseobacterium* (金黄杆菌属). Correct. * *Sentence 4:* "surviving “任何农药及其代谢产物的使用政策均应规定，在上市