原子厚度技术在全球首台二维计算机中取代硅材料

2025-06-21 00:54:01 基础科学阅读

宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究人员向硅在电子领域长期的主导地位发起大胆挑战，成功制造出全球首个完全由原子级厚度的二维材料构成的CMOS计算机。他们利用二硫化钼和二硒化钨制备了2,000多个晶体管，使这台无需传统硅材料的计算机能够执行逻辑运算。虽然仍处于早期阶段，但这项突破预示着由单原子厚度材料驱动的电子产品将迎来更纤薄、更快速、能效显著提高的激动人心的未来。

该研究成果于今日（6月11日）发表在 Nature期刊上，研究人员称这代表着在实现更薄、更快、更节能电子设备的道路上迈出了重大飞跃。他们创建了一种互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）计算机——这是几乎所有现代电子设备的核心技术——但并未依赖硅材料。相反，他们使用两种不同的二维材料开发了控制CMOS计算机中电流流动所需的两种晶体管：用二硫化钼（MoS₂）制作n型晶体管，用二硒化钨（WSe₂）制作p型晶体管。

“几十年来，硅通过实现场效应晶体管（FET）的持续微型化，驱动了电子领域的显著进步，”该研究的领导者、宾夕法尼亚州立大学Ackley讲席教授、工程科学与力学系教授3纳米膜中的初生铁电性实现多功能二维FET", Nature Communications, (15), pp. 10739 Harikrishnan Ravichandran, Theresia Knobloch, Shiva Subbulakshmi Radhakrishnan, Christoph Wilhelmer, Sergei P Stepanoff, Bernhard Stampfer, Subir Ghosh, Aaryan Oberoi, Dominic Waldhoer, Chen Chen, Joan M Redwing, Douglas E Wolfe, Tibor Grasser and Saptarshi Das, 2024, "利用二维材料点缺陷的随机编码器", Nature Communications, **15**, pp. 10562 Yaqing Shen, Kaichen Zhu, Yiping Xiao, Dominic Waldhör, Abdulrahman H Basher, Theresia Knobloch, Sebastian Pazos, Xianhu Liang, Wenwen Zheng, Yue Yuan, Juan B Roldan, Udo Schwingenschlögl, He Tian, Huaqiang Wu, Thomas F Schranghamer, Nicholas Trainor, Joan M Redwing, Saptarshi Das, Tibor Grasser and Mario Lanza, 2024, "采用六方氮化硼介质和高内聚能金属栅电极的二维材料晶体管", Nature Electronics, **7**, (10), pp. 856-867 Subir Ghosh, Yikai Zheng, Zhiyu Zhang, Yongwen Sun, Thomas F Schranghamer, Najam U Sakib, Aaryan Oberoi, Chen Chen, Joan M Redwing, Yang Yang and Saptarshi Das, 2024, "具有高密度通孔的二维材料的单片与异质三维集成", Nature Electronics, **7**, pp. 892–903 Andrew Pannone, Aditya Raj, Harikrishnan Ravichandran, Sarbashis Das, Ziheng Chen, Collin A Price, Mahmooda Sultana and Saptarshi Das, 2024, "基于石墨烯化学传感器和机器学习的鲁棒化学分析", Nature, **634**, pp. 572–578 Rahul Pendurthi, Muhtasim Ul Karim Sadaf, Najam U Sakib, Zhiyu Zhang, Yongwen Sun, Chen Chen, Darsith Jayachandran, Aaryan Oberoi, Subir Ghosh, Shalini Kumari, Sergei P Stepanoff, Divya Somvanshi, Douglas E Wolfe, Joan M Redwing, Douglas E Wolfe and Saptarshi Das, 2024, "互补二维场效应晶体管的单片三维集成", Nature Nanotechnology, **19**, pp. 970–977 Akshay Wali, Harikrishnan Ravichandran and Saptarshi Das, 2024, "结合同态加密的二维材料安全数字签名加密哈希函数", Advanced Materials, **36**, (23), pp. 2470169 Najam U Sakib, Muhtasim Ul Karim Sadaf, Andrew Pannone, Subir Ghosh, Yikai Zheng, Harikrishnan Ravichandran and Saptarshi Das, 2024, "受小龙虾启发的多感官融合平台，用于视觉、化学和触觉信息的超加性整合", Nano Letters, **24**, (23), pp. 6948–6956 Saptarshi Das, 2024, 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Schranghamer, Sergei P Stepanoff, Nicholas Trainor, Joan M Redwing and Saptarshi Das, 2023, "基于单层MoS₂的超微缩光电晶体管", Device, **1**, (4), pp. 100102 Aaryan Oberoi, Ying Han, Sergei P Stepanoff, Andrew Pannone, Yongwen Sun, Yu-Chuan Lin, Chen Chen, Jefferey Shallenberger, Joan M Redwing, Joshua A Robinson, Douglas E Wolfe, Yang Yang and Saptarshi Das, 2023, "面向高性能p型二维场效应晶体管：接触工程、尺寸缩放与掺杂", ACS Nano, **17**, (20), pp. 19709–19723 Muhtasim Ul Karim Sadaf, Najam U Sakib, Andrew Pannone, Harikrishnan F Ravichandran and Saptarshi Das, 2023, "用于多感官整合的仿生视觉触觉神经元", Nature Communications, **14**, (1), pp. 5729 Subir Ghosh, Andrew Pannone, Dipanjan Sen, Akshay Wali, Harikrishnan F Ravichandran and Saptarshi Das, 2023, "用于模拟摄食行为生理学和心理学的全二维仿生味觉电路", Nature Communications, **14**, (1), pp. 6021 Riccardo P Torsi, Kyle T Munson, Rahul Pendurthi, Esteban Marques, Benoit Van Troeye, Alexander Karl, Lysander Huberich, Bruno Schuler, Maxwell Feidler, Ke Wang, Geoffrey Pourtois, Saptarshi Das, John B Asbury, Yu-Chuan Lin and Joshua A Robinson, 2023, "单层MoS₂中的稀释铼掺杂及其对缺陷的影响", ACS Nano, **17**, (16), pp. 15629-15640 Thomas Schranghamer, Najam U Sakib, Muhtasim Ul Karim Sadaf, Shiva Subbulakhshmi Radhakrishnan, Rahul Pendurthi, Ama D Agyapong, Sergei P Stepanoff, Riccardo Torsi, Chen Chen, Joan M Redwing, Joshua A Robinson, Douglas E Wolfe, Suzanne Mohney and Saptarshi Das, 2023, "单层MoS₂场效应晶体管的超微缩接触", Nano Letters, **23**, (8), pp. 3426-3434 Harikrishnan Ravichandran, Theresia Knobloch, Andrew D Pannone, Alexander Karl, Bernhard Stampfer, Dominic Waldhoer, Yikai Zheng, Najam U Sakib, Muhtasim Ul Karim Sadaf, Rahul Pendurthi, Riccardo P Torsi, Joshua A Robinson, Tibor Grasser and Saptarshi Das, 2023, "在单层MoS₂中观察到丰富的缺陷动力学", ACS Nano, **17**, (15), pp. 14449-14460 Thomas Schranghamer, Andrew Pannone, Harikrishnan Ravichandran, Sergei P Stepanoff, Nicholas Trainor, Joan M Redwing, Douglas E Wolfe and Saptarshi Das, 2023, "抗辐射二维电子器件", ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, **15**, (22), pp. 26946–26959 Darsith Jayachandran, Andrew Pannone, Mayukh Das, Thomas F Schranghamer, Dipanjan Sen and Saptarshi Das, 2023, "基于原子级薄光敏忆阻晶体管的仿生、脉冲式、传感器内夜间碰撞检测器", ACS Nano, **17**, (2), pp. 1068

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Subir Ghosh, Yikai Zheng, Musaib Rafiq, Harikrishnan Ravichandran, Yongwen Sun, Chen Chen, Mrinmoy Goswami, Najam U Sakib, Muhtasim Ul Karim Sadaf, Andrew Pannone, Samriddha Ray, Joan M. Redwing, Yang Yang, Shubham Sahay, Saptarshi Das.A complementary two-dimensional material-based one instruction set computer.Nature, 2025; 642 (8067): 327 DOI:10.1038/s41586-025-08963-7

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