研究表明，创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）对身体的影响因文化而异

* *Draft:* 创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）可能发生在个体经历或目睹创伤性事件之后，并可能持续数月或数年。但关于这种心理健康状况，仍有许多未被理解之处。 * *Refinement:* "Happen to an individual" -> 发生在个体身上. "Still not understood" -> 尚未明了/未被理解. * **Paragraph 2:** * *Source:* "Anthropologists, social scientists and veterans from Arizona State University and the Naval Postgraduate School are the first to analyze the relationship between the hormones cortisol and testosterone and PTSD in a non-industrialized society." * *Key terms:* Anthropologists (人类学家), social scientists (社会科学家), veterans (退伍军人), Arizona State University (亚利桑那州立大学), Naval Postgraduate School (海军研究生院), hormones (激素), cortisol (皮质醇), testosterone (睾酮), non-industrialized society (非工业化社会). * *Draft:* 来自亚利桑那州立大学和海军研究生院的人类学家、社会科学家和退伍军人首次分析了非工业化社会中激素皮质醇和睾酮与PTSD之间的关系。 * *Refinement:* Structure is straightforward. "Are the first to analyze" -> 首次分析了. * **Paragraph 3:** * *Source:* "This new study sheds more light on the PTSD puzzle." * *Key terms:* sheds more light on (进一步阐明/揭示), puzzle (谜题/难题). * *Draft:* 这项新研究进一步揭示了PTSD的谜题。 * **Paragraph 4 (Heading):** * *Source:* "Homing in on hormones" * *Key terms:* Homing in on (聚焦/锁定/深入探究). * *Draft:* 聚焦激素 (or 深入探究激素). "聚焦激素" sounds more like a subheading. * **Paragraph 5:** * *Source:* "Previous studies about PTSD and hormones have focused only on people living in Western or European industrialized societies. They included people who suffered from different types of trauma like car crashes, assault and multiple deployments, according to Ben Trumble, a research scientist at the Institute of Human Origins and associate professor at the School of Human Evolution and Social Change." * *Key terms:* Western or European industrialized societies (西方或欧洲工业化社会), trauma (创伤), car crashes (车祸), assault (袭击/人身攻击), multiple deployments (多次部署/多次服役出征), Institute of Human Origins (人类起源研究所), School of Human Evolution and Social Change (人类进化与社会变革学院). * *Draft:* 根据人类起源研究所研究科学家、人类进化与社会变革学院副教授Ben Trumble的说法，以往关于PTSD和激素的研究仅关注生活在西方或欧洲工业化社会的人群。这些研究包括遭受不同类型创伤的人群，如车祸、袭击和多次部署。 * *Refinement:* "Multiple deployments" in a military context usually refers to being sent on multiple tours of duty. "多次部署" is the standard term. * **Paragraph 6:** * *Source:* "The studies showed the majority of people diagnosed with PTSD had very little change in their cortisol levels throughout the day. Instead, the results showed "blunted" levels of cortisol and not the normal rise and fall patterns." * *Key terms:* diagnosed with (被诊断为), cortisol levels (皮质醇水平), blunted (迟钝/减弱/扁平化 - in endocrinology context, "blunted" usually means a flattened response or lack of variation). * *Draft:* 研究表明，大多数被诊断为PTSD的患者全天皮质醇水平变化很小。相反，结果显示皮质醇水平呈现“迟钝”状态，而非正常的起伏模式。 * *Refinement:* "Blunted" in hormone rhythm context often translates to "迟钝" or "扁平化". "Blunted levels" implies the rhythm is flattened. Let's use "迟钝" or "减弱". "Blunted levels" -> "水平迟钝" sounds a bit odd. Maybe "水平呈现‘迟钝’状态". Or "水平‘迟钝’". Let's stick to the quote marks as in the source. * **Paragraph 7:** * *Source:* "In healthy men, hormones like testosterone and cortisol follow a pattern throughout the day," Trumble said. "Hormone levels are the highest just after waking up, and then decline rapidly. Levels are low throughout the day, and rise again at night." * *Key terms:* pattern (模式/节律), decline rapidly (迅速下降). * *Draft:* “在健康男性中，睾酮和皮质醇等激素全天遵循一定的模式，”Trumble说。“激素水平在刚醒来后最高，随后迅速下降。全天水平较低，并在夜间再次上升。” * *Refinement:* "Rise again at night" - usually cortisol drops at night and rises before waking (cortisol awakening response). However, the text says "rise again at night". I must translate what the text says, even if it contradicts general textbook knowledge (or maybe he means late night/sleep onset?). Wait, standard diurnal rhythm is high morning, low night. Testosterone is also high morning, low night. Let me re-read carefully. "Levels are low throughout the day, and rise again at night." This sounds scientifically counter-intuitive for cortisol (which is lowest around midnight) and testosterone (which also dips at night). However, as a translator, I must be faithful to the source text. I will translate it as written. * *Correction:* Actually, testosterone does rise during REM sleep, but cortisol is low. Maybe he is simplifying or referring to a specific cycle phase. Regardless, I will translate the text exactly: "并在夜间再次上升". * **Paragraph 8:** * *Source:* "The big question Trumble and colleagues wanted to answer was, would they see this same pattern in a non-industrialized population with people who suffered from the same type of trauma?" * *Draft:* Trumble和同事想要回答的重大问题是，在遭受相同类型创伤的非工业化人群中，他们是否会看到相同的模式？ * **Paragraph 9:** * *Source:* "Our study is the first to examine associations between hormones (cortisol and testosterone) among the Turkana," Trumble said. "Turkana pastoralists experience a high degree of combat exposure, and 28% of men have symptoms of PTSD. Because nearly everyone gets exposed to combat, we can see if there are biological differences in hormones for those with PTSD and those without PTSD. So, in this case we can compare apples to apples and not apples to oranges." * *Key terms:* Turkana (图尔卡纳人), pastoralists (牧民), combat exposure (战斗接触/作战经历), biological differences (生物学差异), apples to apples (同类比较/具有可比性). * *Draft:* “我们的研究是首个针对图尔卡纳人激素（皮质醇和睾酮）之间关联的研究，”Trumble说。“图尔卡纳牧民有很高的战斗接触经历，28%的男性有PTSD症状。因为几乎每个人都接触过战斗，我们可以观察患有PTSD和未患PTSD人群的激素是否存在生物学差异。因此，在这种情况下，我们可以进行同类比较，而不是拿苹果和橘子比。” * *Refinement:* "Apples to apples" is an idiom. "同类比较" is the formal translation, but keeping the metaphor "拿苹果和橘子比" (or "风马牛不相及") is often used in popular science. The text uses the fruit metaphor explicitly. I will translate the meaning but keep the flavor or use the standard Chinese equivalent. "同类比较" is professional. "不是拿苹果和橘子做比较" is literal. Let's go with a balance: "我们可以进行同类比较，而不是进行跨类比较" or stick to the metaphor if it fits the tone. Given the "veteran/scientist" voice, the metaphor is intentional. I will translate as: "我们可以进行同类比较，而不是拿苹果和橘子做比较。" (This preserves the idiom which is somewhat known in Chinese scientific contexts or easily understood). * **Paragraph 10:** * *Source:* "What the ASU scientists found was surprising." * *Draft:* 亚利桑那州立大学的科学家们的发现令人惊讶。 * **Paragraph 11:** * *Source:* "We did not find any difference in cortisol for * *Refinement:* "Why the Turkana?" is a heading. "为什么是图尔卡纳人？" or "为何选择图尔卡纳人？" are good. Let's go with "为何选择图尔卡纳人？" for a slightly more formal tone suitable for research context. * *Source:* `Being a livestock farmer, or pastoralist, in Kenya near South Sudan can be dangerous and deadly.` * *Key terms:* livestock farmer (畜牧农户), pastoralist (牧民), Kenya (肯尼亚), South Sudan (南苏丹), dangerous and deadly (危险且致命). * *Draft:* 在靠近南苏丹的肯尼亚，做一名畜牧农户或牧民可能是危险且致命的。 * *Refinement:* "Livestock farmer" and "pastoralist" are appositives. In this context, "pastoralist" is the more specific anthropological term. "在肯尼亚靠近南苏丹的地区，从事畜牧业或成为牧民可能充满危险甚至危及生命。" sounds more natural. * *Source:* `The Turkana are mobile pastoralists and engage in cattle raiding, said Matthew Zefferman, an assistant professor at the Naval Postgraduate School and U.S. Air Force veteran.` * *Key terms:* Turkana (图尔卡纳人), mobile pastoralists (游牧民/移动牧民), cattle raiding (抢牛/劫掠牲畜), Matthew Zefferman (马修·泽弗曼), assistant professor (助理教授), Naval Postgraduate School (美国海军研究生院), U.S. Air Force veteran (美国空军退伍军人). * *Draft:* 美国海军研究生院助理教授、美国空军退伍军人马修·泽弗曼说，图尔卡纳人是移动牧民，并且参与抢牛活动。 * *Refinement:* "Mobile pastoralists" is often translated as "游牧民". "Cattle raiding" is a specific anthropological concept, often translated as "劫掠牲畜" or "抢牛". Let's use "劫掠牲畜" for a more academic tone, or "抢牛" if it flows better. Given the context of warfare later, "劫掠牲畜" fits well. * *Structure:* Put the attribution at the beginning or end. "美国海军研究生院助理教授兼美国空军退伍军人马修·泽弗曼表示，图尔卡纳人是游牧民，并从事劫掠牲畜的活动。" * *Source:* `Zefferman spent half a year in the field with the Turkana during his postdoctoral fellowship at ASU.` * *Key terms:* in the field (实地/田野), postdoctoral fellowship (博士后奖学金/博士后研究员), ASU (Arizona State University - 亚利桑那州立大学). * *Draft:* 泽弗曼在亚利桑那州立大学做博士后期间，与图尔卡纳人一起在实地度过了半年。 * *Refinement:* "In the field" in anthropology is "田野工作". "Spent half a year in the field" -> "进行了半年的田野调查". * *Final:* 泽弗曼在亚利桑那州立大学（ASU）从事博士后研究期间，曾在图尔卡纳人中进行过半年的田野调查。 * *Source:* `"The Turkana in our study area, who raid other pastoralists, typically do so across the disputed border with South Sudan," he said.` * *Key terms:* study area (研究区域), disputed border (有争议的边界). * *Draft:* “我们研究区域的图尔卡纳人，他们劫掠其他牧民，通常是在与南苏丹有争议的边界对面进行的，”他说。 * *Refinement:* "Across the disputed border" means they cross the border. * *Final:* 他说：“在我们研究区域内，劫掠其他牧民的图尔卡纳人通常穿越与南苏丹有争议的边界进行活动。” * *Source:* `"They travel by foot, often over 60 miles and engage in small and large raids. They are also raided by members of other pastoral groups. These raids can result in firefights and the death of family members, and the loss of animals. About half of adult male deaths in the study area is due to raiding."` * *Key terms:* travel by foot (徒步), 60 miles (60英里), firefights (交火/枪战), adult male deaths (成年男性死亡). * *Draft:* “他们徒步旅行，经常超过60英里，参与大大小小的袭击。他们也被其他牧民群体的成员袭击。这些袭击可能导致交火和家庭成员死亡，以及动物损失。研究区域大约一半的成年男性死亡是由于袭击。” * *Refinement:* "Travel by foot" -> "徒步跋涉". "Engage in small and large raids" -> "发动大小规模的袭击". "Firefights" -> "武装冲突" or "交火". "Loss of animals" -> "牲畜损失". "Due to raiding" -> "归因于劫掠活动". * *Final:* “他们徒步跋涉，行程往往超过60英里，发动规模不等的袭击。他们也会遭到其他牧民群体成员的袭击。这些袭击可能导致武装冲突、家庭成员死亡以及牲畜损失。研究区域内的成年男性死亡人数中，约有一半是由劫掠活动造成的。” * *Source:* `Turkana warriors experience similar trauma from combat exposure during cattle raids. They also share similar cultural backgrounds and are the same gender. This differs from previous studies conducted where trauma and cultural background are different.` * *Key terms:* warriors (战士), trauma (创伤), combat exposure (战斗接触/作战经历), gender (性别). * *Draft:* 图尔卡纳战士在抢牛期间的战斗接触中经历了类似的创伤。他们也有相似的文化背景，并且是同一性别。这与之前进行的研究不同，之前的研究中创伤和文化背景是不同的。 * *Refinement:* "Combat exposure" is a specific term in trauma studies -> "作战经历" or "战斗接触". "Similar trauma" -> "类似的创伤". The last sentence needs smoothing. * *Final:* 图尔卡纳战士在牲畜劫掠过程中因作战经历而遭受了类似的创伤。他们还拥有相似的文化背景，且性别相同。这与以往进行的研究不同，在那些研究中，创伤类型和文化背景往往存在差异。 * *Source:* `"It is interesting to see how the physiological response to trauma exposure can differ based on cultural environment," said Sarah Mathew, a research scientist at the Institute of Human Origins and associate professor at the School of Human Evolution and Social Change.` * *Key terms:* physiological response (生理反应), trauma exposure (创伤暴露), Institute of Human Origins (人类起源研究所), School of Human Evolution and Social Change (人类演化与社会变革学院). * *Draft:* “看到基于文化环境的不同，对创伤暴露的生理反应是如何不同的，这很有趣，”人类起源研究所研究科学家、人类演化与社会变革学院副教授莎拉·马修说。 * *Refinement:* Standardize titles. * *Final:* 人类起源研究所研究科学家兼人类演化与社会变革学院副教授莎拉·马修表示：“观察创伤暴露引发的生理反应如何因文化环境而异，是一件非常有意思的事情。” * *Source:* `"It suggests that we can't answer basic questions about human biology by only studying industrialized populations."` * *Key terms:* human biology (人类生物学), industrialized populations (工业化人群/工业化人口). * *Draft:* “这表明我们不能仅通过研究工业化人群来回答关于人类生物学的基本问题。” * *Refinement:* Good. * *Source:* `Mathew's relationship with the Turkana since 2007 led to this project and many others, providing valuable information about non-industrialized cooperation, cultural norms and warfare.` * *Key terms:* relationship (关系/联系), non-industrialized cooperation (非工业化合作), cultural norms (文化规范), warfare (战争/战事). * *Draft:* 马修自2007年以来与图尔卡纳人的关系促成了这个项目和许多其他项目，提供了关于非工业化合作、文化规范和战争的宝贵信息。 * *Refinement:* "Relationship" here implies academic connection/rapport. "Led to" -> "促成了". * *Final:* 马修自2007年以来与图尔卡纳人建立的联系促成了本项目及许多其他项目的开展，为研究非工业化社会的合作、文化规范和战争提供了宝贵信息。 * *Source:* `While the study Zefferman 说道：“我们之所以能开展这项研究，完全归功于我们与之开展研究的人——图尔卡纳人的支持与帮助。我们承认，正是他们与我们合作的意愿，才使得我们能够开展这项对我们社会具有潜在益处的研究。

 

“我们前往那里是承蒙合作对象的善意。”